Hormone phát hành hormone tăng trưởng (GHRH) là một peptide xuất hiện tự nhiên được giải phóng bởi các dây thần kinh, được gọi là tế bào thần kinh arciat, ở vùng dưới đồi. Các peptide di chuyển từ vùng dưới đồi đến tuyến yên nơi nó liên kết với hormone tăng trưởng giải phóng thụ thể hormone và gây ra sự giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng (GH). GHRH rất quan trọng cho sự tăng trưởng và phát triển thích hợp, tăng khối lượng cơ thể gầy và giảm adiposity (mô chất béo). GHRH chịu trách nhiệm gián tiếp cho sự phát triển cơ bắp và sự phát triển xương dài, nhưng cũng đã được tìm thấy để điều chỉnh viêm, giảm thiểu đau và đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong việc đánh thức giấc ngủ (chu kỳ ban đầu). Nó được phát hành theo cách xung từ vùng dưới đồi và do đó cũng gây ra sự giải phóng GH. Mô hình giải phóng này rất quan trọng đối với chức năng của hormone tăng trưởng và do đó đối với sinh lý nói chung.

Nguồn:Pubch

Sự liên tiếp:Dl-Tyr-dl-ala-dl-asp-dl-ala-dl-xiile-dl-phe-dl-XITHR-DL-ASN-DL-DL-DL-TYR-DL-ARG-DL-LYS-DL-VAL-DL-DL-DL-TYR-DL-ARG-DL-LYS-DL-VAL-DL-LEU-GLY-DL EU-DL-LEU-DL-GLN-DL-ASP-DL-XIILE-DL-DL-DL-DL-ANG-DL-GLN-DL-GLN-GLY-DL-GLU-DL-DL-DL-ARG-DL-GLN-DL-GLN-GLY-DL-GLU-DL-DL
Công thức phân tử:C₂₁₅H₃₅₈N₇₂O₆₆S
Trọng lượng phân tử:5039,727 g/mol
PubChem CID: 44134750
Số CAS:9034-39-3
Từ đồng nghĩa:Yếu tố giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng, somatocrinin, somatoliberin

GHRH, không giống như các hormone khác, có thể tồn tại dưới nhiều hình thức. Trên thực tế, kích thước của nó có thể dao động từ 37 đến 44 axit amin, với phiên bản 44-amino-axit là phổ biến nhất và tham chiếu tiêu chuẩn khi thảo luận về GHRH. Điều thú vị là, những thay đổi về kích thước này không ảnh hưởng đến chức năng tổng thể của peptide khi bằng chứng thực nghiệm có thể nhận ra và do đó phiên bản dài 37-amino-axit tạo ra các hiệu ứng tương tự như đối tác dài hơn.

GHRH có tốc độ phát hành cơ bản thay đổi theo tuổi tác và tình trạng phát triển, nhưng mô hình giải phóng xung vẫn là bất kể mức độ cơ bản của hormone. Nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng việc bảo tồn xung tự nhiên của GHRH, ngay cả trong quá trình quản lý ngoại sinh, rất quan trọng để bảo tồn sinh lý bình thường và ngăn ngừa các tác dụng phụ nhất định.

GHRH khác với các hormone khác bởi vì, trong hệ thống thần kinh trung ương, GHRH được tìm thấy độc quyền trong vùng dưới đồi. Trong khi nhiều hormone được phân phối rộng rãi trong suốt CNS, GH thì không. GHRH được tìm thấy, tuy nhiên, trong các mô ngoại vi như tuyến tụy, tim, tuyến ức và đại tràng^[1]. It has also been found, pathologically, in certain tumors.

A number of analogues of GHRH have been developed in an effort to target some of the peptide’s effects while avoiding other properties. Alterations have also been made in order to to prolong the half-life of exogenously administered GHRH. Examples of GHRH analogues include CJC-1295, Sermorelin, and Tesamorelin. Tesamorelin was approved by the FDA in 2010 for the treatment of lipodystrophy (abnormal deposition of fat) in HIV.

GHRH and Sleep

A significant portion of the total amount of GH released by the pituitary gland is released during non-REM sleep (NREMS). Interestingly, GHRH administered exogenously promotes NREMS while suppression of normal GHRH release inhibits NREMS. Studies in mice suggest that GHRH is a critical factor in regulating the sleep cycle^[2]. Interestingly, the balance between GH and GHRH secretion may help to explain why mammals cycle between NREMS and REMS (REM sleep) throughout the night. Studies in mice show that an increase in GHRH leads to increased NREMS and GH release. The increase in GH then leads to an increase in REM sleep and a decrease in GHRH secretion. This, of course, boosts GHRH release and starts the cycle over again^[3]. Defects in this axis may help to explain a number of different sleep disturbances as well as why changes in sleep patterns can lead to long-term health problems.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is well-known to cause a number of neuroendocrine dysfunctions and can lead to everything from heart disease to cognitive dysfunction. Patients with OSA have been found to have severe deficits in GH and GHRH levels, a factor that may explain why OSA leads to cognitive dysfunction as well as obesity^[4]. There is some thought that supplementing GHRH in patients with OSA may help them to recover faster from the condition and reduce the occurrence of long-term side effects. Interestingly, patients who have OSA and no cognitive deficits have normal GHRH levels^[5]. This has lead scientists to investigate the role of GHRH in a number of neurological conditions (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease). Fortunately, CPAP therapy has been shown to improve the cognitive impairment and GHRH deficit associated with sleep apnea^[6].

There is also evidence to suggest that the link between depression and sleep may be due to an imbalance between GHRH levels (to little) and levels of another hormone called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). This imbalance has been shown to cause a decrease in short wave sleep while disinhibiting REM sleep^[7]. These studies are in their most preliminary stages, but there is some hope that a deeper understanding of the GHRH-CRH balance may eventually lead to therapies that address not only sleep, but depression and its underlying mechanisms as well.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often affects the GHRH-GH axis and leads to substantial disturbances in sleep and mood^[8]. In 2017, a phase 2 clinical trial studying the effects of GHRH analogue tesamorelin on sleep in individuals with TBI was undertaken. The study sought to determine if the peptide could produce changes in NREM sleep time compared to placebo. The results of the study have not yet been published, but the study underlines the keen interest in GHRH and its ability to regulate sleep.

GHRH and Obesity

GHRH, by stimulating GH release, is a potent muscle-building peptide and anti-obesity peptide. GH promotes the development of lean body mass, and supplementation with GHRH has been shown to do the same. Interestingly, research indicates that obesity causes a decrease in circulating levels of GH by affecting GHRH secretion^[9]. Scientists have long known that increased obesity makes it harder to lose weight and affects everything from appetite to the way the body absorbs calories (obesity actually makes the body more efficient at absorbing calories). Now it appears that at least part of this anomaly results from a decrease in GHRH secretion in obesity. In other words, the more adipose tissue the body accumulates, the more GHRH secretion is reduced and the harder it is to lose weight. Scientists speculate that GHRH (or GHRH analogue) supplementation may be an effective means of jump starting weight loss until the cycle can be broken and endocrine regulation can be reestablished.

GHRH and Stress

It has long been known that GHRH secretion is suppressed in response to both physical and emotional stress. In fact, careful studies have shown that stress, even psychological stress, can lead to delayed puberty, short stature, and depression. These changes in development can be directly linked to changes in GHRH levels, but the exact mechanism by which stress affects GHRH has been unclear until recently. New research suggests that the change in GHRH secretion is a result of neuropeptide Y levels, which actually cause changes in the neurons responsible for GHRH production and release. It is thought that the change in GHRH release is designed to help preserve energy by restricting growth during times of famine. Unfortunately, this system is activated during any stressful event and prolonged stress, particularly during childhood, can lead to severe restriction of development^[10]. There is some question as to whether GHRH supplementation might be indicated for individuals with severe physical and emotional distress so as to offset the negative effects on growth, development, inflammation, and cognition.

GHRH May Reduce Pain

Research in rats shows that GHRH is an effective way to relieve inflammatory pain. Interestingly, the peptide reduces pain without affecting any of the inflammatory mediators that lead to it^[11]. This may be clinically relevant as it offers doctors that ability to fine-tune an inflammatory response, reducing pain without impacting other aspects that may be important, such as the presence of nerve growth factor.

Of particular interest is the role of GHRH in reducing the pain associated with fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a difficult to characterize condition associated with widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. It has been known for some time, however, that exercise can have a significant and lasting impact on fibromyaglia pain. This fact led scientists to believe that GHRH or GH deficiency may play a role in the development of fibromyalgia. GHRH administration reduces pain in this condition and, as pointed out above, may help to reestablish normal sleep cycles^[12]. Though there are currently treatments available for fibromyaglia, they are relatively limited in efficacy. The use of GHRH to treat the condition could represent a breakthrough.

GHRH and Prostate Enlargement

The exact reason that some men experience prostate enlargement (benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH) has yet to be elucidated, but there is some evidence to suggest that chronic inflammation plays an important role in the process. Research in mice indicates that GHRH antagonism can reduce inflammatory cytokines in the prostate and actually lead to a reduction in the size of the gland. More importantly, GHRH antagonism appears to prevent hyperplasia in the first place, suggesting that GHRH antagonist therapy may be used to ameliorate BPH long before it becomes problematic^[13].

GHRH Supplementation for Muscle Growth in Aging

Reduction in GH secretion and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are a part of aging but lead to decreased muscle mass and decreased strength in older people. Decreased strength leads to a number of problems such as gait abnormalities, bone density loss, changes in posture, and increased risk of falls and injury. Research in non-obese older men indicates that multiple daily injections of GHRH (or one of its analogues) significantly improves muscle strength and muscle bioenergetics without serious changes in blood lipid levels, weight, glucose levels, or overall health^[14].

Interestingly, supplementing with GHRH also improves sleep in elderly patients and may lead to a decrease in cardiovascular mortality. The peptide also boosts cognitive function, likely by impacting sleep. Most individuals in these studies have also reported improved senses of well-being^[15]. There is interest in extending these limited trials into long-term studies to determine just how far the benefits of GHRH extend in fighting the effects of aging and what, if any, side effects should be anticipated.

Research by L. Edmiston, M.D. for

1. “Tissue expression of GHRH – Summary – The Human Protein Atlas.” [Online]. Available: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000118702-GHRH/tissue. [Accessed: 05-Jun-2019].
2. F. Obal and J. M. Krueger, “GHRH and sleep,” Sleep Med. Rev., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 367–377, Oct. 2004.
3. F. Obal, J. Alt, P. Taishi, J. Gardi, and J. M. Krueger, “Sleep in mice with nonfunctional growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors,” Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., vol. 284, no. 1, pp. R131-139, Jan. 2003.
4. J. Xu, Z. Qin, W. Li, X. Li, H. Shen, and W. Wang, “Effects of somatotropic axis on cognitive dysfunction of obstructive sleep apnea,” Sleep Breath. Schlaf Atm., May 2019.
5. J. H. Xu, W. Y. Li, H. Y. Jin, Y. Ye, and W. Wang, “[Effect of serum growth hormone releasing hormone levels on cognitive function in patients with moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome],” Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi Zhonghua Jiehe He Huxi Zazhi Chin. J. Tuberc. Respir. Dis., vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 606–610, Aug. 2018.
6. L. Sun et al., “[Association between inflammation and cognitive function and effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome],” Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, vol. 94, no. 44, pp. 3483–3487, Dec. 2014.
7. “Impact of GHRH on Sleep Promotion and Endocrine Regulation in Service Members Who Sustained a Traumatic Brain Injury and Have Current Insomnia – Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov.” [Online]. Available: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02931474. [Accessed: 05-Jun-2019].
8. B. S. Kasturi and D. G. Stein, “Traumatic Brain Injury Causes Long-Term Reduction in Serum Growth Hormone and Persistent Astrocytosis in the Cortico-Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis of Adult Male Rats,” J. Neurotrauma, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1315–1324, Aug. 2009.
9. I. Ahmad, J. A. Finkelstein, T. R. Downs, and L. A. Frohman, “Obesity-associated decrease in growth hormone-releasing hormone gene expression: a mechanism for reduced growth hormone mRNA levels in genetically obese Zucker rats,” Neuroendocrinology, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 332–337, Sep. 1993.
10. J. Deltondo et al., “Associations between the human growth hormone-releasing hormone- and neuropeptide-Y-immunoreactive systems in the human diencephalon: a possible morphological substrate of the impact of stress on growth,” Neuroscience, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 1146–1152, Jun. 2008.
11. R. S. Talhouk, N. E. Saadé, G. Mouneimne, C. A. Masaad, and B. Safieh-Garabedian, “Growth hormone releasing hormone reverses endotoxin-induced localized inflammatory hyperalgesia without reducing the upregulated cytokines, nerve growth factor and gelatinase activity,” Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 625–631, Jul. 2004.
12. A. Leal-Cerro et al., “The growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-GH-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 84, no. 9, pp. 3378–3381, Sep. 1999.
13. P. Popovics, A. V. Schally, L. Salgueiro, K. Kovacs, and F. G. Rick, “Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone inhibit proliferation induced by inflammation in prostatic epithelial cells,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 114, no. 6, pp. 1359–1364, Feb. 2017.
14. J. Vittone et al., “Effects of single nightly injections of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) in healthy elderly men,” Metabolism., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 89–96, Jan. 1997.
15. A. R. Hoffman, S. A. Lieberman, and G. P. Ceda, “Growth hormone therapy in the elderly: implications for the aging brain,” Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 327–333, Aug. 1992.

ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body.  These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease.  Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.